Aminet 6/Aminet 6 - June 1995.iso/Aminet/docs/misc/wfbook93_texi.lha/texi/191.data

Text File | 1995-03-27 | 12.8 KB | 402 lines

@node Geography (Peru)
@section Geography (Peru)

@display

Location:
  Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Chile and
  Ecuador
Map references:
  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
 total area:
  1,285,220 km2
 land area:
  1.28 million km2
 comparative area:
  slightly smaller than Alaska
Land boundaries:
  total 6,940 km, Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia
  2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km
Coastline:
  2,414 km
Maritime claims:
 territorial sea:
  200 nm
International disputes:
  three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute
Climate:
  varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west
Terrain:
  western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra),
  eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Natural resources:
  copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate,
  potash
Land use:
 arable land:
  3%
 permanent crops:
  0%
 meadows and pastures:
  21%  forest and woodland:
  55%
 other:
  21%
Irrigated land:
  12,500 km2 (1989 est.)
Environment:
  subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity;
  deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in
  Lima
Note:
  shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with
  Bolivia



@end display

@node People (Peru)
@section People (Peru)

@display

Population:
  23,210,352 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
  1.9% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
  26.19 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Death rate:
  7.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  56.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
 total population:
  65.17 years
 male:
  63.02 years
 female:
  67.44 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  3.22 children born/woman (1993 est.)
Nationality:
 noun:
  Peruvian(s)
 adjective:
  Peruvian
Ethnic divisions:
  Indian 45%, mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%, white 15%,
  black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Religions:
  Roman Catholic
Languages:
  Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
 total population:
  85%
 male:   92%
 female:
  29%
Labor force:
  8 million (1992)
 by occupation:
  government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, industry 19% (1988 est.)



@end display

@node Government (Peru)
@section Government (Peru)

@display

Names:
 conventional long form:
  Republic of Peru
 conventional short form:
  Peru
 local long form:
  Republica del Peru
 local short form:
  Peru
Digraph:
  PE
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Lima
Administrative divisions:
  24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional
  province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa,,   Ayacucho,
Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La,   Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima,
Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura,
  Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali
 note:
  the 1979 Constitution and legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate the
  creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) intended to function
  eventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12
  regions have been constituted from 23 existing departments - Amazonas (from
  Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from
  Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from
  Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los
  Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from
  Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque,
  Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali);
  formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of the
  constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of Lima;
  because of inadequate funding from the central government, the regions have
  yet to assume their responsibilities and at the moment coexist with the
  departmental structure
Independence:
  28 July 1821 (from Spain)
Constitution:
  28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the
  Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect
  the following year); suspended 5 April 1992; being revised or replaced
Legal system:   based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
Political parties and leaders:
  New Majority/Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular Christian
  Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Eduardo CALMELL
  del Solar; Liberty Movement (ML), Luis BUSTAMANTE; American Popular
  Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Alan GARCIA; Independent Moralizing Front
  (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; National Renewal, Rafael REY; Democratic
  Coordinator, Jose Barba CAHALLERO; Democratic Left Movement, Gloria HOFLER
Other political or pressure groups:
  leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN (imprisoned);
  Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor SERPA and Victor POLAY
  (imprisoned)



@end display

@node Government (Peru 2. usage)
@section Government (Peru 2. usage)

@display

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Elections:
 President:
  last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995); results - Alberto
  FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55%
 Democratic Constituent Congress:
  last held 25 November 1992 (next to be held NA); seats - (80 total) New
  Majority/Change 90 44, Popular Christian Party 8, Independent Moralization
  Front 7, Renewal 6, Movement of the Democratic Left 4, Democratic
  Coordinator 4, others 7; several major parties (American Popular
  Revolutionary Alliance, Popular Action) did not participate
Executive branch:
  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
  unicameral Democratic Constituent Congress (CCD)
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
Leaders:
 Chief of State:
  President Alberto Kenyo FUJIMORI Fujimori (since 28 July 1990)
 Head of Government:
  Prime Minister Oscar DE LA PUENTE Raygada (since 6 April 1992)
Member of:
  AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
  ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
  IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG
  (suspended), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
 chief of mission:
  Ambassador Ricardo LUNA
 chancery:
  1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
 telephone:
  [phone] through 9869)
 consulates general:
  Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San
  Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
US diplomatic representation:
 chief of mission:
  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Charles H. BRAYSHAW
 embassy:
  corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima
 mailing address:
  P. O. Box 1991, Lima 1, or APO AA 34031
 telephone:
  [51] (14) 33-8000
 FAX:
  [51] (14) 31-6682
Flag:
  three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the
  coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield
  bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow
  cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath



@end display

@node Economy (Peru)
@section Economy (Peru)

@display

Overview:
  The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with a large
  dose of government ownership remaining in mining, energy, and banking. In
  the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita
  output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World
  Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity
  program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in
  July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic
  activity, but the slide halted late that year, and output rose 2.4% in 1991.
  After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated government
  price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the single-digit level and
  by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since mid-1987. Lima
  obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders in September
  1991, although it faced $14 billion in arrears on its external debt. By
  working with the IMF and World Bank on new financial conditions and
  arrangements, the government succeeded in ending its arrears by March 1993.
  In 1992, GDP fell by 2.8%, in part because a warmer-than-usual El Nino
  current resulted in a 30% drop in the fish catch. Meanwhile, revival of
  growth in GDP continued to be restricted by the large amount of public and
  private resources being devoted to strengthening internal security.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $25 billion (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  -2.8% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
  $1,100 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  56.7% (1992)
Unemployment rate:
  15% (1992 est.); underemployment 70% (1992 est.)
Budget:
  revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $2.7 billion, including capital
  expenditures of $300 million (1992 est.)
Exports:   $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
 commodities:
  copper, fishmeal, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined
  silver, coffee, cotton
 partners:
  EC 28%, US 22%, Japan 13%, Latin America 12%, former USSR 2% (1991)
Imports:
  $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
 commodities:
  foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures,
  chemicals, pharmaceuticals
 partners:
  US 32%, Latin America 22%, EC 17%, Switzerland 6%, Japan 3% (1991)
External debt:
  $21 billion (December 1992 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate -5% (1992 est.); accounts for almost 24% of GDP
Electricity:
  5,042,000 kW capacity; 17,434 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita
  (1992)
Industries:
  mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing,
  cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication



@end display

@node Economy (Peru 2. usage)
@section Economy (Peru 2. usage)

@display

Agriculture:
  accounts for 10% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops -
  coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains,
  coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient
  in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990)
Illicit drugs:
  world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under
  cultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine
  base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of
  cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into
  cocaine for the international drug market
Economic aid:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US)
  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion;
  Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million
Currency:
  1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates:
  nuevo sol (S/. per US$1 - 1.690 (January 1993), 1.245 (1992), 0.772 (1991),
  0.187 (1990), 2.666 (1989), 0.129 (1988)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year



@end display

@node Communications (Peru)
@section Communications (Peru)

@display

Railroads:   1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways:
  69,942 km total; 7,459 km paved, 13,538 km improved, 48,945 km unimproved
  earth
Inland waterways:
  8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago Titicaca
Pipelines:
  crude oil 800 km, natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km
Ports:
  Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara
Merchant marine:
  21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 194,473 GRT/307,845 DWT; includes 13
  cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 4 bulk;
  note - in addition, 6 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes used
  commercially
Airports:
 total:
  228
 usable:
  199
 with permanent-surface runways:
  37
 with runways over 3,659 m:
  2
 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  23
 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  46
Telecommunications:
  fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system; 544,000
  telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave;
  satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12 domestic



@end display

@node Defense Forces (Peru)
@section Defense Forces (Peru)

@display

Branches:
  Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (Fuerza
  Aerea del Peru), National Police
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 6,030,354; fit for military service 4,076,197; reach
  military age (20) annually 241,336 (1993 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $500 million, about 2% of GDP (1991)



@end display